What are the differences between flow monitor, sFlow, NetFlow, and SNMP? |thermal flow meter

Flow Meters – Silver Automation Instruments

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1. Physical Attack Mitigation

Physical Attack Mitigation is mainly achieved through software countermeasures and general countermeasures, combined with the concept of defense in depth to reduce the success rate of attacks. However, there is currently a lack of general solutions, and protective measures need to be customized according to specific scenarios.

1. The essence and impact of physical attacks. Physical attacks interfere with circuit behavior through voltage/temperature changes, lasers, electromagnetic pulses, and other means, and their impact can be divided into two categories: permanent damage, such as hardware burnout or data storage unit damage.

. Transient interference: such as calculation errors caused by instantaneous voltage fluctuations, attackers can use such interference to tamper with data or control flow. Some attacks do not require physical contact with the device (such as Rowhammer memory attacks, Clkscrew clock interference attacks), and directly trigger hardware vulnerabilities at the software level. This type of attack is highly related to hardware reliability issues, but the difference is that fault injection actively introduces harm, while reliability issues are usually caused by random factors. Figure: Physical Attack Model (from "Research on Fault Attacks on Secure Embedded Software")

2. Core Objectives and Strategies of Software Countermeasures Software countermeasures aim to supplement the shortcomings of hardware protection and reduce the success rate of attacks through defense in depth. The main objectives include preventing data tampering and ensuring that sensitive information (such as keys and configuration parameters) is not modified during storage and tran

smission. Prevent control flow hijacking: prevent attackers from changing the program execution path by injecting faults (such as skipping security checks, triggering unauthorized operations). Key strategy: Use the Hamming Distance constant in tedious constant design to increase the difficulty for attackers to change one valid value to another through bit flipping. For example, changing the constant 0x55 (binary) to 0xAA (binary) requires flipping all bits, significantly increasing the cost of the attack. The double check mechanism conducts two independent checks on key conditions (such as permission verification and input legality), and triggers a security response (such as terminating the program or resetting the device) if the results are inconsistent. Switch/case double check: Repeating validation conditions in branch statements to prevent attackers from bypassing all checks through a single fault injection. Loop integrity verification checks the expected value of the loop index or accumulator at the end of the loop to ensure that the loop has not been prematurely terminated or skipped. For example, if the loop should be executed 10 times, verify that the index is 10 to prevent attackers from reducing the number of loops through fault injection. The default failure design sets the default behavior of program branches to "failure" (such as access denied, error), allowing execution to continue only after explicit validation is passed. For example, inserting verification code before the jump instruction, and if verification fails, jumping to an error handling function to prevent attackers from bypassing critical code by modifying the program counter (PC). Flow Monitor tracks the execution status of the program (such as

What are the differences between flow monitor, sFlow, NetFlow, and SNMP? |thermal flow meter

1. Physical Attack Mitigation

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